Getting Started with Apify Actors

An Apify actor is a serverless program that runs in the cloud. Think of it as a function you deploy once and call via API forever. Actors can scrape websites, process data, send notifications, orchestrate other actors, or expose tools through the Model Context Protocol (MCP). Every actor lives in a Docker container, accepts structured JSON input, and produces output in datasets, key-value stores, or request queues. This guide takes you from zero to a fully deployed, working actor on the Apify Store.

Prerequisites

Before you write your first line of code, you need three things installed locally. First, Node.js version 18 or later. Second, the Apify CLI, which you install globally with npm. Third, an Apify account — the free tier is enough to get started.

# Install the Apify CLI globally
npm install -g apify-cli

# Log in to your Apify account (opens a browser window)
apify login

Once logged in, the CLI stores your API token locally. You can verify your login with apify info, which prints your username, user ID, and token status. If you are managing multiple accounts, you can switch between them by running apify login again with a different token.

Creating a new actor project

The fastest way to start is with the Apify CLI scaffolding command. This generates a complete project structure with all the required files, a working Dockerfile, and a sample input schema.

# Create a new actor from the JavaScript template
apify create my-first-actor --template javascript

# Or use TypeScript if you prefer type safety
apify create my-first-actor --template typescript

Project structure explained

Every actor follows a predictable layout. Understanding each file's purpose will save you hours of debugging later. Here is what the scaffolding creates:

my-first-actor/
  .actor/
    actor.json          # Actor metadata: name, version, Dockerfile path
    input_schema.json   # JSON Schema that generates the Console UI form
    Dockerfile          # Docker build instructions for the runtime
  src/
    main.js             # Your actor's entry point
  package.json          # Node.js dependencies
  README.md             # Store listing content (indexed for search)

The .actor/actor.json file is the single source of truth for how Apify treats your actor. It defines the name, version, build configuration, and pricing model. The input_schema.json generates the UI form in the Apify Console and validates API inputs at runtime. Get this schema right from day one — changing it after users depend on your actor's input structure is painful.

The Actor.main() pattern

Modern Apify actors use the Actor.main() pattern instead of the older Actor.init() / Actor.exit() pair. The main() wrapper handles initialization and cleanup automatically, catches errors, and reports them to the platform. This is the only pattern you should use for new actors.

import { Actor } from 'apify';

Actor.main(async () => {
    // Actor.main() automatically calls Actor.init() before your function
    // and Actor.exit() after it completes (or on error)

    const input = await Actor.getInput();
    const { keyword, maxResults = 100 } = input;

    // Validate input early — fail fast with a clear message
    if (!keyword) {
        throw new Error('The "keyword" input field is required.');
    }

    // Your scraping or processing logic
    const results = await scrapeData(keyword, maxResults);

    // Push results to the default dataset
    await Actor.pushData(results);

    console.log('Done. Pushed ' + results.length + ' results.');
    // Actor.main() calls Actor.exit() automatically here
});

**Common pitfall:** Never use Actor.init() and Actor.exit() manually when using Actor.main(). The wrapper handles both calls. If you call Actor.init() inside Actor.main(), the actor initializes twice and may behave unpredictably. If you call Actor.exit() manually, the wrapper's cleanup code may not run.

**Common pitfall:** Always await asynchronous calls. A common mistake is forgetting to await Actor.pushData(), which causes the actor to exit before data is written. The result: an empty dataset and a confused user.

Input schema in depth

The input schema (.actor/input_schema.json) defines what parameters your actor accepts. It follows JSON Schema with Apify-specific extensions for UI rendering. Every field needs a title, type, and description. The editor property controls which UI component renders in the Console.

{
    "title": "Product Scraper Input",
    "type": "object",
    "schemaVersion": 1,
    "required": ["keyword"],
    "properties": {
        "keyword": {
            "title": "Search keyword",
            "type": "string",
            "description": "The product keyword to search for (e.g., 'wireless headphones')",
            "editor": "textfield"
        },
        "maxResults": {
            "title": "Max results",
            "type": "integer",
            "description": "Maximum number of products to return. Default is 100.",
            "default": 100,
            "minimum": 1,
            "maximum": 10000
        },
        "proxyConfig": {
            "title": "Proxy configuration",
            "type": "object",
            "description": "Select proxies to use for scraping",
            "editor": "proxy",
            "default": {
                "useApifyProxy": true,
                "apifyProxyGroups": ["RESIDENTIAL"]
            }
        },
        "outputFormat": {
            "title": "Output format",
            "type": "string",
            "description": "Format for the output data",
            "default": "json",
            "editor": "select",
            "enum": ["json", "csv", "xlsx"],
            "enumTitles": ["JSON", "CSV", "Excel"]
        }
    }
}

**Tip from managing 250+ actors:** Always set sensible defaults for every optional field. Users who run your actor without customizing inputs should get useful results, not errors. The default property in the schema both pre-fills the UI form and is used when the field is omitted from API calls.

**Tip:** Use the prefill property for example values that show in the UI but are not used as defaults. This helps users understand the expected format without committing to a specific value.

Writing the Dockerfile

The Dockerfile defines the runtime environment for your actor. For most JavaScript and TypeScript actors, the Apify-provided base images handle everything. Do not overcomplicate this file.

FROM apify/actor-node:18

COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm --quiet set progress=false \
    && npm install --omit=dev --omit=optional

COPY . ./

CMD npm start

**Common pitfall:** Do not install dev dependencies in production builds. The --omit=dev flag keeps your image small and your build fast. A bloated Docker image means slower builds, slower cold starts, and higher compute costs.

**Common pitfall:** Always copy package*.json and run npm install before copying your source code. Docker caches each layer, so if your source code changes but your dependencies do not, Docker reuses the cached npm install layer. This cuts build times from minutes to seconds.

Testing locally before deploying

Before deploying to the cloud, run your actor locally to catch obvious issues. Create a test input file and use the Apify CLI to run a local test.

# Run the actor locally with a test input file
apify run --input test.json

Check the output in the local storage/ directory that the CLI creates. Look at storage/datasets/default/ for your pushed data. Verify the shape of each record matches what you documented in your README and dataset schema.

Your first deploy

Once your code is ready and tested locally, deploy to Apify with a single command.

# Push your actor to the Apify platform
apify push

This uploads your source code, builds the Docker image on Apify's servers, and makes the actor available via API. After pushing, check the build log in the Apify Console to confirm a clean build. Common build failures include missing dependencies in package.json, incorrect Dockerfile paths in actor.json, and syntax errors that Node.js catches at import time.

After a successful build, your actor is live at https://api.apify.com/v2/acts/YOUR_USERNAME~YOUR_ACTOR/runs. Run it from the Console with your test input to verify everything works in the cloud environment. Pay attention to differences between local and cloud behavior — proxy availability, environment variables, and network access can all differ.

Post-deployment checklist

After your first successful cloud run, complete these steps to make your actor production-ready:

1. **Set categories** in actor.json — these determine which Store sections your actor appears in. See the PPE Pricing guide (/learn/ppe-pricing) for details on the pricing model. 2. **Write a complete README** — this is your Store listing. See the Store SEO guide (/learn/store-seo) for the recommended structure. 3. **Add a dataset schema** — this tells users what output to expect and enables Apify's schema validation. See the Actor Testing guide (/learn/actor-testing) for validation strategies. 4. **Configure PPE pricing** if you want to monetize — see the PPE Pricing guide (/learn/ppe-pricing) for pricing strategy. 5. **Run the actor 3-5 times** with different inputs to build an initial success rate — Apify's quality score starts tracking from your first run.

**Real-world tip:** Your first actor will have issues. That is normal. The actors that succeed on the Store are the ones that get iterated on. Deploy early, watch the logs, listen to user feedback, and ship fixes fast. Developers who wait for perfection before deploying never deploy at all.